Carbonatogenesis: microbial contribution to the conservation of monuments and artwork of stone
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1973-9494/3383Keywords:
carbonatogenesis, historic monuments, stone artwork, bioconservationAbstract
Over the last few decades there has been increasing global concern over the deterioration of historical monuments and stone works of art. It has posed a big challenge for the archaeologist, geobiologists and bioconservators and consequently encouraged the search for developing novel preventive and remedial methodologies for safeguarding these sculptural monuments and stone works of art. Many conventional methods which rely on use of physical and chemical treatments have been applied but none of them have yielded satisfactory results. Recently, bioconservation and consolidation methods employing carbonatogenic microbes have received much attention. These microorganisms can precipitate calcium carbonate and, thereby, confer protection to historic monuments.
Riassunto
Negli ultimi decenni c’è stata una crescente preoccupazione a livello mondiale per quel che concerne il deterioramento dei monumenti storici e dei manufatti lapidei. Questa rappresenta una grande sfida per gli archeologi, geo-biologi e bioconservatori che ha promosso la ricerca e lo sviluppo di nuove metodologie preventive e di recupero finalizzate alla salvaguardia di questi monumenti e opere d’arte scultoree in pietra. Molti metodi convenzionali che si basano sull’uso di trattamenti fisici e chimici sono stati applicati, ma nessuno di essi ha dato risultati soddisfacenti. Recentemente, hanno destato molta attenzione i metodi di bioconservazione e consolidamento che impiegano la carbonato-genesi da microrganismi. Questi sono in grado di indurre la precipitazione di carbonato di calcio e, quindi, conferire protezione ai monumenti storici.
Résumé
Dans ces dernières décennies, il y a eu une croissante préoccupation au niveau mondial concernant la détérioration des monuments historiques et des ouvrages de pierre. Elle représente un grand défi pour les archéologues, les géo-biologistes et les bio-conservateurs et a promu la recherche et le développement de nouvelles méthodologies préventives et de récupération finalisées à la sauvegarde de ces monuments et œuvres d’art sculpturales en pierre. De nombreuses méthodes conventionnelles qui se basent sur l’usage de traitements physiques et chimiques ont été appliquées, mais aucune d’elles n’a donné de résultats satisfaisants. Récemment, les méthodes de bioconservation et consolidation qui emploient la carbonatogenèse de micro-organismes ont suscité beaucoup d’attention. Elles sont en mesure d’induire la précipitation de carbonate de calcium et, donc, de conférer une protection aux monuments historiques.
Zusammenfassung
Der Verfall historischer Denkmäler und von Steinarbeiten sorgte in den vergangenen zehn Jahren weltweit für wachsende Besorgnis. Für Archäologen, Geobiologen und Bio-Konservatoren stellt diese Situation eine große Herausforderung dar und fungiert als Ausgangspunkt für die Erforschung und Entwicklung neuer vorbeugender und rekuperativer Methodiken zum Schutz dieser Denkmäler und Steinskulpturen. Viele bisher angewendete und auf physischen sowie chemischen Behandlungen beruhende Verfahren brachten keine zufriedenstellenden Ergebnisse. In der letzten Zeit stießen in der Biokonservation und Befestigung angewandte Methoden auf großes Interesse, die auf der Karbonatgenese durch Mikroorganismen beruhen. Diese Verfahren sind in der Lage, die Ausfällung von Kalziumkarbonat herbeizuführen und somit Denkmälern einen Schutz zu verleihen.
Resumen
En las últimas décadas hubo una creciente preocupación a nivel mundial por lo que se refiere al deterioro de los monumentos históricos y de las obras lapídeas. Se trata de un gran desafío para los arqueólogos, geo-biólogos y bioconservadores que ha promovido la investigación y el desarrollo de nuevas metodologías preventivas y de recuperación encaminadas a proteger estos monumentos y las obras de arte escultóricas en piedra. Se han aplicado muchos métodos convencionales basados en el uso de tratamientos físicos y químicos, pero ninguno de ellos ha logrado resultados satisfactorios. De reciente, han suscitado mucha atención los métodos de bioconservación y consolidación basados en la génesis del carbonato desde microrganismos. Siendo capaces de inducir la precipitación del carbonato cálcico, estos microorganismos pueden proteger los monumentos históricos.
Резюме
В последние десятилетия во всем мире заметно возрастает тревога по поводу упадка исторических памятников и каменных артефактов. Это большой вызов археологам, геобиологам и биоконсерваторам, который дал начало поиску и развитию новых предохранительных и восстановительных методологий, направленных на сбережение этих памятников и каменных скульптур. Многие традициональные методы, основанные на использовании физических и химических процедур, были применены, но никакой из них не дал удовлетворяющих результатов. В последнее время вызывают большой интерес методы биоконсервации и консолидации, которые используют генезиз карбонатов из микроорганизмов. Они способны вызывать осаждение карбоната кальция и, следовательно, обеспечивать защиту исторических памятников.
Ամփոփում
Վերջին տասնամյակների ընթացքում աճող մտահոգություն է եղել աշխարհում պատմական հուշարձանների եւ քարարաշեն արտեֆակտների վատթարացման վերաբերյալ Սա մեծ մարտահրավեր է հնագետների, կենսաբանների ու բիոկոնսերվատորների համար, որը նպաստել է հետազոտման եւ զարգացման նոր մեթոդները օգտագործել կանխարգելիչ եւ վերականգնման նպատակով այդ հուշարձանների եւ քարի վրա քանդակված արվեստի գործերի պահպանությանը: Շատ մեթոդներ, որոնք հիմնված են ֆիզիկական եւ քիմիական տեխնիկայի վրա չեն տվել բավարար արդյունք: Վերջերս, մեծ ուշադրություն է գրավել բիոկոնսերվացիան ու ամրապնդումը օգտագործելով միկրոօրգանիզմների կողմից կարբոնատ-ծնող մեթոդներ: Դրանք կարող են առաջացնել կալցիումի կարբոնատի տեղումներ եւ, հետեւաբար, ուժեղացնել պատմական հուշարձանների պաշտպանությունը:
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