Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage (CSCH) – ISSN 1973-9494 is an international peer reviewed journal which continues Quaderni di Scienza della Conservazione.
Dipartimento dei Beni Culturali, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna (Ravenna)
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Within the context of art, science and the holistic value of artwork are two different ways of reading reality in the field of the protection and enhancement of cultural and environmental heritage. Reading reality is synonymous with the work of historians, which involves knowing, interpreting and evaluating works of art through a subjective evaluation and, of technicians, through an objective evaluation. By combining their respective competences and, consequently, forming an interdisciplinary relationship through a need that must reflect humility and a mutual need of each other (a neces-sary prerogative), they will, together, arrive at a scientific truth. These aspects are equally important in the formation and training of professional figures relating to the study and research of the system: artifact of historical-artistic interest-conservation environment-biota. The above is closely linked to the subject of attribution and au-thentication of artwork and to the different intermediate categories that authentic and reproduced works can be classified under. In the latter, which are the results of digital technologies, starting from authentic works, it is evident that ethical and aesthetic is-sues arise in relation to differences between authentic and reproduced works. In con-clusion, as an emblematic historical-technical example of the relationship between art and science, mention is made of the Journal "Conservation Science in Cultural Herit-age”.
Copyright (c) 2024 Salvatore Lorusso, Luca Gugliermetti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Arte e Scienza: un argomento molto dibattuto
Nell'ambito del valore olistico dell'opera d'arte, dell'arte e della scienza esistono due diversi modi di leggere la realtà nel campo della tutela e della valorizzazione dei beni culturali e ambientali. Leggere la realtà è sinonimo di lavoro degli storici, che implica la conoscenza, l'interpretazione e la valutazione delle opere d'arte attraverso una valutazione soggettiva e, dei tecnici, attraverso una valuta-zione oggettiva. Unendo le rispettive competenze e, di conseguenza, formando un rapporto interdisciplinare attraverso un'esigenza che deve riflettere l'umiltà e un reciproco bisogno dell'altro (prerogativa necessaria), essi arriveranno, insieme, a una verità scientifica. Questi aspetti sono altrettanto importanti nel-la formazione delle figure professionali relative allo studio e alla ricerca del sistema: manufatto di interesse storico-artistico-conservazione-ambiente-biota. Quanto sopra è strettamente legato al tema dell'attribuzione e dell'autenticazione delle opere d'arte e alle diverse categorie intermedie in cui possono essere classificate le opere autentiche e riprodotte. In queste ultime, che sono frutto delle tecnologie digitali, a partire dalle opere autentiche, è evidente che le questioni estetiche ed etiche sorgono in relazione alle differenze tra opere autentiche e riprodotte. In conclusione, come emblematico esempio storico-tecnico del rapporto tra arte e scienza, si cita il Joumal "Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage”.
Some instances of architectural design in the protection of Celto-Roman ruins
The program for enhancing ancient remains involves contributions from maintenance, restoration, and contemporary architectural design. The varied approaches in conserving and enhancing archaeology highlight a multidisciplinary and multisectoral method aimed at public enjoyment of the heritage. Preservation often requires restrictive restoration techniques, which can limit creativity but also inspire innovative solutions that respect the heritage. Different nations, shaped by their unique cultural formations, have developed specific ways of interpreting their past, primarily through local archaeology, seen as ‘the childhood of every country’. Globalization has impacted archaeological practices, leading to a blending of cultural and interventionist approaches, especially evident in modern European archaeological museums. These institutions reflect a mix of expressive museographic practices despite the ongoing search for cultural identity and origins. In this contribution, several exemplary case studies regarding the coverage interventions of Celtic-Roman/Celto-Roman ruins have been examined. The aim is to illustrate some possible approaches to protective coverings in the archaeological field, while being aware that it would be necessary to extend the reasoning to a greater number of case studies and that respecting the editorial space granted, forces us, rightly, to a more appropriate synthesis.
Copyright (c) 2024 Aldo R. D. Accardi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study of mineralogical, chemical and geotechnical properties of the historic materials for restoration of the Kutubiyya Mosque
The preservation of built heritage represents a cultural and scientific challenge of great significance, particularly as many historical monuments in Morocco have suffered extensive deterioration. Given that the renovation of facade and interior plasters is among the most common tasks in restoration projects, it is crucial to analyze the composition of stones and plasters to ensure the compatibility of materials and their effective interaction with the substrate. In this context, our study focuses on characterizing the stone and plaster from the enclosure of the Kutubiyya Mosque in Marrakech, as well as the materials used in its restoration. To achieve this, we applied mineralogical, chemical, and petrographic characterization methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and petrographic analysis. The masonry stone of the Kutubiyya Mosque has been identified as a marly limestone with properties characteristic of hard rocks. The primary exterior plaster is composed of lime and silty sand, with a proportion of gypsum added to accelerate the setting process. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the presence of crystalline phases in the original masonry stone, such as calcite, clays, quartz, and dolomite. Additionally, X-ray fluorescence analysis identified the major chemical elements in the plaster. These findings reveal notable differences in the chemical composition of the original and restoration materials, highlighting their influence on the quality and durability of the restoration efforts at the Kutubiyya Mosque.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdelmalek Ammari, Samir Ait Oumghar, Mounsif Ibnoussina, Jamal Mounaji, Mohsine Ziani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Generative design recommendations for the historical Mardiṅ High School and Gaziṗaşa Primary School buildings, Turkey
The genetic algorithm (GA) is inspired by natural selection, emphasizing the survival of the fittest. In GAs, data is encoded as genes, and optimal solutions are achieved through crossover and mutation operations on these genes. This study focuses on a key issue in re-functionalizing buildings, where facade elements designed without sustainability concerns become problematic. The design approaches for interventions in historic buildings remain a point of debate in architectural conservation and restoration. This study examines the facade changes due to functional transformations in a historic educational building, using GA as a generative system approach. The research specifically suggests new door and window typologies suited to the functionalization process of traditional buildings in historical settings. Genetic algorithms and shape grammars were the main methods employed. A field study applied GA to propose new door and window types with compatibility values. The analysis focused on a historical high school in Mardin (Turkey), generating alternative joinery designs. Thirty window and fifteen door typologies were developed, and while the original building’s facade openings maintained their traditional form, some annex additions lacked conformity. It is thought that this study should be a methodology that can be used in the production of exterior joinery typologies in the additions or completions to be made in the process of re-functioning in many different cities, especially in the historical texture, to protect sustainability. It is believed that this approach will contribute significantly to conservation efforts in cultural heritage buildings, offering a reference for restoration practices.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mizgin Gökçe Salık, Fatma Demet Aykal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The scientific value of Armenian written manuscripts
Language plays an important role in the development of any state because it evolves in direct contact with people's thinking, history, culture, and worldview. When studying the works of foreign and domestic scientists and classifying the Middle Ages heritage by linguistic features, it can clearly be seen that Turkic written manuscripts in different periods were written in different alphabets, such as runic, Uyghur, Manichaean, Brahma, Arabic, Latin, Armenian, Chagatai, and Cyrillic. Based on the use of Armenian graphics, it has also been established that in the Middle Ages, the heritage of Turkic peoples, including the Qypchaks, was written in a variety of genres and has survived to this day in written manuscripts. The study of Armenian writing in the Qypchak language is especially important in today's Kazakhstani social life. We seek the origins of the Kazakh language and nation in the Qypchak community which emerged in the ancient Turkic period and flourished in the Middle Turkic period. Historical and linguistic works written about the history, language, and culture of the Qypchak community, which ruled the territory from Central Europe to Northern China in the Middle Ages, have demonstrated that the study of the Qypchak people who lived in the Middle Ages is still relevant in modern science. This field studies the history, language, ethnography, culture, and other aspects of the steppe nomadic civilization. Moreover, it aims to thoroughly investigate its aspects, compare the origins and roots of ethnic groups of Qypchak descent to their current condition, and demonstrate traces of historical continuity. The German scientist Adalbert Merx’s work «Türkische Sprichwörter» (Turkish proverbs) written in 1893 and stored in the Bayerische Staats Bibliothek Muenchen library is taken as the object of research. Moreover, the proverbs in the manuscript language are read directly from the Armenian script; the relevance and scientific value of the topic is reported in the given article.
Copyright (c) 2024 Bibigul Zhiyembay, Lyazat Meirambekova, Gulbakram Zhiyembayeva, Lazzat Urakova Yanch, Ainur Mayemirova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Creating a 3D village model with multi-source data model integration: application for the protection of ethnic architectural heritage
Ethnic architectural heritage is mainly concentrated in ancient villages. The 3D models of ancient villages are of great significance in the protection of the ethnic architectural heritage in ancient villages. The aim of this study is to integrate multi-source data models to form a 3D model of ancient villages, which can provide detailed records of the ethnic architectural heritage and the surrounding environment and ensure that the memory space of the model is as small as possible. This will provide data support for the construction planning and physical protection of ethnic architectural heritage in ancient villages. Taking Hexi Village in He-jie Town of Guang-xi as a case study, different types of architectural models of ancient villages were modeled using technologies such as oblique photogrammetry, point cloud data, and BIM modeling. Through the fusion of multiple data models, a 3D model of the ancient village was successfully constructed, providing an important digital foundation for the protection and restoration of ethnic architectural heritage, opening up new ideas for the digital protection of traditional villages, and laying the foundation for subsequent research on digital twins of ethnic architectural heritage in ancient villages.
Copyright (c) 2024 Cai Jun, Qu Jin-liang, Wang Hai-bo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The re-actualization of Makidhipuh Wayang movement as immaterial culture in Garin Nugroho’s film “Setan Jawa”
“Setan Jawa” (2016) by Garin Nugroho is a silent black and white film with orchestral cinematic arrangements by Rahayu Supanggah. Taking up the story of Java in the early 20th century, this film blends several artistic mediums. "Movement" takes on significance as a communication tool in this film, which incorporates dance and shadow puppets to convey Javanese cultural meaning through the movement's visual code. One type of semiosis that is transferred from the movement of shadow puppets is the visual code of movement. Applying a case study methodology bolstered by visual data analysis through “Setan Jawa” documentation and making reference to the movement classification system for shadow puppets derived from Roger Long’s research (1979), the results of this study show a semiosis of movement that imaginatively transposes the movements of puppets, including makidhipuh, in the film “Setan Jawa”. The way that the actors in this film incorporate makidhipuh movements into their body language highlights how crucial it is for different signs to work together as a medium to promote visual cultural literacy in the global age.
Copyright (c) 2024 Agustina Kusuma Dewi, Ganis Resmisari, Mohamad Arif Waskito, Iyus Kusnaedi, Adi Surahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative study of the digital design status of cultural heritage on China’s Grand Canal and Europe’s Danube river
This paper conducts a comparative analysis of the digital design status of cultural heritage in two historically significant waterways: the Grand Canal in China and the Danube River in Central Europe. It investigates the current state of digitalization, the technological methods employed in digital design, and the forms of revitalization. Through a comprehensive comparative analysis, the study emphasizes key distinctions in sustainable concepts, technological applications, experience design, and social management service design. Furthermore, it identifies common features and shared challenges faced in both waterway regions. This research offers valuable insights into the digital preservation and activation of cultural heritage in these vital waterways, promoting cultural exchange between China and Europe and enhancing the global renewal of cultural heritage in ancient river basins.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jing Zhao, Yiming Ma, Yuhong Han, Branislav Antonić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strategic planning for sustainable conservation. Case study: ancient city of “Istakhr”, Iran
Given the significant importance of conservation management planning, especially in Iran with its extensive archaeological sites, this study explores the creation of conservation management plan templates for ancient sites. The Fars Istakhr site, one of Iran's key historical sites, was chosen as a case study. This research is both developmental and applied, employing a hypothetical-deductive method to assess the need and importance of establishing a management plan to outline a conservation program for ancient sites. The study highlights the critical stages of examination, identification, and accurate assessment of values in developing a scientific and standardized program within the management plan for archaeological site conservation. Through these stages, a comprehensive overview of the historical tangible and intangible evidence of the ancient site is presented. Significant assessment and site presentation with mass and social media are the most important actions. This sector can lead to public and local support and actions by relevant organizations, especially the Cultural Heritage Organization. Conservation work for artifacts and other on-site assets, and provision of tourism facilities are in the second step. After that, new archaeological projects to help in the compilation of history and data documentation need to be implemented. All of these measures help the site with sustainable management planning.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hassan Khosravi Khaftari, Hossein Ahmadi, Mohammad Hassan Talebian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Microclimatic study of the iconic cells in the Santa Catalina monastery, Arequipa, Peru
The Monastery of Santa Catalina in Arequipa is among Peru’s most significant and well-preserved historical monuments. It comprises primarily residential cells occupied by cloistered nuns of the Dominican order. This study conducts a microclimatic assessment of four emblematic cells and the main cloister, focusing on thermal, lighting, and acoustic characterization to evaluate habitability based on international standards. Environmental conditions were monitored from February to August 2024 using temperature and relative humidity sensors, along with digital lux and sound level meters. The data were analysed according to Fanger’s thermal comfort model. Results indicated PMV values between -0.19 and 0.11, corresponding to near-neutral thermal perception within the comfort zone. PPD values (excluding Cell D) ranged from 5% to 8%, with an average of 6.5%, aligning with Categories I and II of ISO 7730. Cell D, however, recorded a PPD of 16%, exceeding ASHRAE 55 thresholds, indicating non-compliance with acceptable thermal comfort standards.
Copyright (c) 2024 F. A. Cuzziramos-Gutiérrez, L. S. Bernedo-Flores, D. R. Herrera-Bustinza, Sergio Coll-Pla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Vatican Apostolic Library and philanthropy
This article, accompanied by more than 30 images, presents certain philanthropic experiences that have been in place at the Vatican Library since the 1920s. The Library has always been at the service of studying thanks to the generosity and support of the Holy See, which over the centuries has collected and guarded a wealth of documents of great value and interest. In order to carry out some major projects aimed at improving the spaces of the building it has occupied since the end of the 16th century, and the services it offers, the Vatican Library has welcomed the generous support of organizations, companies and individual benefactors. These have made it possible and continue to make it possible to carry out the renovations and reorganization of the available spaces, and to conserve the treasures entrusted to it in the best possible way, while at the same time making them increasingly accessible through technological tools, not only to the public of specialists, but to everyone. For this reason, we express our deepest gratitude to each and every one of them.
Copyright (c) 2024 Luigina Orlandi, Mauro Mantovani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The transformation of house orientation following islamization and independence in Soppeng Regency: a study of culture and local identity
This study aims to analyse the transformation of the orientation of traditional Bugis houses in Soppeng Regency in the context of Islamization and modernization after independence. Traditional Bugis houses reflect deep cultural values, religion, and local identity. However, the influence of Islamization in the 16th century and modernization policies after Indonesian independence caused significant changes in the orientation of the houses. The research method used is a qualitative approach, including literature studies, field observations in four settlement locations (two old settlements and two new settlements), in-depth interviews, architectural analysis, and a thematic analysis of the data. The old settlements analysed are Jampuserenge Village and Madello Village, while the new settlements include Bulue Village and Laringgi Village. Data were collected on the orientation of houses towards the Qibla spatial patterns, and adjustments to government policies. The results of the study show that old settlements still maintain the orientation of houses towards the Qibla as a reflection of religious values, although there are adaptations to modernization through the addition of facades to make them appear to face the road. In contrast, new settlements prioritize the orientation of houses facing the road according to the spatial planning policy implemented in the 1970s. These changes reflect the Bugis people’s ability to balance traditional values and the demands of modernity. Modifications such as the addition of facades are a creative strategy in maintaining cultural and religious identity amidst social change. This study provides insight into how the Bugis people adapt to external influences while maintaining their cultural heritage, which is relevant in understanding the dynamics of traditional culture and architecture in a modern context.
Copyright (c) 2024 Andi Abidah, Erich Lehner https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HBIM reconstruction in cultural heritage: the case study of the Casina Cenci Giustiniani, Rome
This paper explores the application of Heritage/Historical Building Information Modelling (HBIM) as a transformative tool for the restoration and management of historical structures focusing on the case study of Casina Cenci Giustiniani in Rome. HBIM is an extension of Building Information Modelling (BIM) specifically designed for the documentation, management, and conservation of historic and heritage buildings, utilizing parametric 3D models enriched with both geometric and historical data. HBIM enables the integration of detailed survey data and archival research to create intelligent digital representations that support restoration, maintenance, and analysis of existing architectural heritage. The HBIM methodology is especially pertinent for architectural heritage, where a thorough and multifaceted understanding of the asset is indispensable for any restoration and conservation strategy. The implementation of HBIM facilitates the systematic organization of relevant data, supporting both the documentation phase and subsequent inspection and diagnostic tasks. The methodological process used in this paper involved a scan-to-BIM strategy to reconstruct the three-dimensional model of the building from oriented images, minimizing labour-intensive and error-prone manual operations. This has enabled the creation of an accurate as-built model that preserves critical information regarding external dimensions, material compositions, deformations, and structural conditions. The resulting digital model serves as a comprehensive repository, hosting and embedding multiple data sets that collectively constitute a robust informational framework for future conservation efforts.
Copyright (c) 2024 Luca Gugliermetti, Federico Cinquepalmi, Lorenzo Villani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Oran’s forgotten fort: historical, architectural and heritage issues
Oran, an Algerian city with a rich past, has a diverse architectural heritage, blending Andalusian, Ottoman, Spanish and French influences. Among its treasures is the defensive system designed by the Spanish during their occupation of the city between the 16th and 18th centuries, which bears witness to its rich military heritage. This study is based on a revisiting of Fort San Fernando, a Spanish military structure that has long been considered lost. Thanks to a rigorous research method combining the analysis of written and iconographic historical sources with field investigation, we have been able to locate the fort, thereby refuting preconceived ideas about its alleged disappearance, as well as unfounded claims about its location. The analysis enabled us to document the fort and reassess its strategic role in the Spanish military system. The study also examined how the fort has changed over the centuries, from the departure of the Spanish to the present day, and suggested ways in which it might be preserved and exploited in the long term.
Copyright (c) 2024 Radja Ferhat, Falah Jaber Mukhailf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Authenticity and heritage values in contemporary architecture: the local identity of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Project in Algiers
This article examines the relationship between authenticity and identity in contemporary architectural projects. It shows how the integration of historical architectural heritage values can guarantee this authenticity and enrich this identity, based on their re-interpretation and integration in these projects. The aim is to show that, in order to give a city an identity that reflects its local culture, we need to find ways of extracting from its heritage the positive characteristics and the values that make it authentic, and translating this culture into a new language so that it can be integrated into contemporary projects. To this end, this paper proposes an analytical grid. Based on a cross-referencing of a number of research studies, it will help to move heritage values from being an abstract concept to being a concrete reinterpretation, enabling them to be integrated into an architectural project. In a second phase, its relevance will be tested through its application to the building project of the headquarters of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Algiers. The conclusion of the study shows the interest of this grid, which integrates the historical, cultural, social and aesthetic dimensions of heritage, allowing a better reinterpretation of heritage in contemporary projects with a local identity.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hassiba Rachedi, Tsouria Baba Ahmed, Mohamed Madani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The feasibility of integrating indigenous art into chinese higher art education
Global experience shows that the integration of indigenous art is not only an expansion of course content, but also an innovation of the educational paradigm - it requires breaking the shackles of Western-centrism and reconstructing the Chinese art education system with the goal of multicultural symbiosis. In this process, if China can balance the relationship between tradition and modernity, local and global, and combine indigenous art with the Chinese philosophy of "harmony between man and nature", it is expected to contribute a unique ecological aesthetic education program to the world and cultivate a new generation of artists with cultural awareness and global vision. Ultimately, the educational practice of indigenous art will go beyond the scope of cultural preservation and become a catalyst for promoting social inclusion, ecological sustainability and dialogue with human civilization.
Copyright (c) 2024 Zhe Li, Kun Li, Kasmalieva Anarkan Sarygulovna, Feng Zhicheng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital art as a future vehicle of contemporaneity: NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens)
NFTs are the main tool for certifying the authenticity and ownership of digital artworks. An NFT is an immutable digital certificate secured via blockchain, a secure technology that ensures the integrity of information without the need for intermediaries. The use of NFTs has become popular since 2017, with the public sale of the first digital artworks and has opened up new opportunities in the art market even within traditional channels such as auction houses. NFTs are often linked to conceptual art and are rapidly evolving along with the concept of "beauty", with works that sometimes explore deformed realities or obsessive aspects. The work of art becomes a metaphor for our world, in which value grows through discussion and social reaction, fuelling a cycle that reflects our often absurd and contradictory reality. The growing popularity of NFTs also raises concerns related to sustainability, as blockchain technology requires a large amount of energy, contributing to CO2 emissions. Digitization, blockchain, the metaverse and cryptocurrencies are rapidly transforming the art market, leading to a new virtual economy and a change in interactions between artists and society, and fostering a more direct system between artists and audiences. In the era of digital humanism, we should aim for a synthesis between the human and the machine and avoid a distorted one-sided vision; it is necessary to be able to understand the impact of new technologies, including artificial intelligence, without being overwhelmed by them. Artificial intelligence and robotic art are gaining ground, but we need to ask ourselves who the real author is, the programmer, the robot or both.
Copyright (c) 2024 Salvatore Lorusso, Luca Gugliermetti, Federico Cinquepalmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
L’arte digitale quale futuro veicolo della contemporaneità: gli NFT (Non Fungible Token)
Gli NFT rappresentano il principale strumento per la certificazione dell’autenticità e della proprietà di opere d'arte digitali. Un NFT è un certificato digitale immutabile e protetto tramite blockchain, una tecnologia sicura che garantisce l’integrità delle informazioni senza necessità di intermediari. L’uso degli NFT è diventato popolare dal 2017, con la vendita pubblica delle prime opere d’arte digitali e aprendo nuove opportunità nel mercato dell'arte anche all’interno di canali tradizionali come le case d’asta. Gli NFT sono spesso legati all'arte concettuale, e in rapida evoluzione assieme al concetto di "bello", con opere che a volte esplorano realtà deformate o concetti ossessivi. L'opera d’arte diventa una metafora del nostro mondo, in cui il valore cresce attraverso la discussione e la reazione sociale, alimentando un ciclo che riflette la nostra realtà spesso assurda e contraddittoria. La crescente diffusione degli NFT solleva anche preoccupazioni legate alla sostenibilità, poiché la tecnologia blockchain richiede un grande dispendio energetico, contribuendo alle emissioni di CO2. La digitalizzazione, la blockchain, il metaverso e le criptovalute stanno velocemente trasformando il mercato delle opere d’arte, portando a una nuova economia virtuale e ad un cambiamento nelle interazioni tra gli artisti e la società, favorendo un sistema più di-retto tra artista e pubblico. Nell’epoca dell’umanesimo digitale si dovrebbe puntare a una sintesi tra l'umano e la macchina, evitando una visione distorta e unilaterale e in grado di comprendere l'impatto delle nuove tecnologie, inclusa l'intelligenza artificiale, senza esserne travolti. L'intelligenza artificiale e l'arte robotica stanno guadagnando terreno, bisogna interrogarsi su chi sia il vero autore: il programmatore, il robot o entrambi.
From “I” to “We”: the work of art and its holistic value
Copyright (c) 2024 Salvatore Lorusso, Mauro Mantovani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dall’«Io» al «Noi»: l’opera d’arte e il suo valore olistico
Culture is one, “cultural” is plural. Variances in cultural heritage sectors, knowledge and values
Copyright (c) 2024 Salvatore Lorusso, Spartaco Paris https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
La cultura è una, il culturale è plurale. Il patrimonio culturale nella varianza di comparti, saperi e valori